Comprehension of a prototype emergency contraception package label by female adolescents. Contraception ;79 3 Adolescent comprehension of emergency contraception in New York City. The effects of self-administering emergency contraception. New England Journal of Medicine ; 1 Advance provision of emergency contraception for pregnancy prevention: a meta-analysis.
Obstetrics and Gynecology ; 6 : Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology ;17 2 The impact of using emergency contraception on reproductive health outcomes: A retrospective review in an urban adolescent clinic. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology ;16 5 The effect of increased access to emergency contracep- tion among young adolescents. Obstetrics and Gynecology ; 3 Advance supply of emergency contraception: a randomized trial in adolescent mothers.
Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology ;18 5 Direct access to emergency contra- ception through pharmacies and effect on unintended preg- nancy and STIs: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association ; 1 Use of contraception in the United States: — Adolescent pregnancy fact sheet No. View the publication. The Supplies Information Database SID is an online reference library with more than records on the status of reproductive health supplies.
The library includes studies, assessments and other publications dating back to , many of which are no longer available even in their country of origin.
Explore the database here. Menu Search Languages. Site search Search keyword s : Search. Home Home. Groups Groups From established working groups to cross-cutting caucuses, regional forms or discussion groups - these are the vehicles through which Coalition members collaborate.
Tools A collection tools to help you accomplish reproductive health supplies-related goals. Innovation Fund Helps translate new ideas into action to advance global RH supply security. Between approximately 2 to 10 y after fire, our study recorded an approximate halving of both basal area and the number of tussocks per unit area. It is interesting to note that individual tussock basal area was unrelated to time since fire.
This shows that tussocks of all sizes were lost during succession, rather than smaller or larger tussocks suffering higher than average mortality. It seems that tussock plants germinating from seed and surviving through the tussock-building phase have similar probabilities of establishing dominance in the competitive phase as older, larger tussocks weakened by the fire. Thus fires might provide a mechanism for new tussock plants to germinate and establish in an otherwise highly competitive community -a potential answer to the problem of tussock grass regeneration posed many years ago by Grubb Young suggested fire-induced reproduction for tussocks in East African mountain grasslands.
The height of tussocks increased steadily across the range of fire ages in the study, not just in the early years. As tussocks mature, their bases rise above the surrounding ground, contributing 10 - 20 cm of additional height. But this does not explain most the height increase, which is dictated by leaf length. As noted earlier, previous studies have shown reduced leaf longevity immediately after fire, supporting this possibility. Alternatively, leaf longevity might be similar throughout the years of post-fire recovery, but the leaves might grow more rapidly in later phases of the succession in response to local environmental factors, leading to taller plants.
There is evidence from studies of other grasses that leaf length varies greatly according to environmental factors Barre et al.
Of course, both explanations could occur simultaneously. The increase in tussock height through time is also significant because it produces fuel for the next fire Laegaard Our results demonstrated a rapid build-up of the proportion of dead leaves by the end of the tussock building phase, with a later build-up of biomass subsequently.
Although the rapid inclusion of dead leaves in the first 2 y after fire contributes potential fuel to the next fire, it is the continued rise in tussock height that builds up much of the combustible material in later years. More frequent fires, with lower fuel loads, might be less damaging, and might even promote productivity Hofstede et al.
As the tussocks grow in height, light reaching the ground decreases rapidly, especially from y after fire. All of the measures of tussock development estimated in this study showed high variance. Tussock grasses are inherently variable in size and density, and so sufficient replication is needed to obtain representative statistics Fernandez Monteiro et al.
In addition, fires themselves are inherently variable. Differences in fire regime particularly fire return frequency and fire intensity result in spatial patchiness of plant mortality and recovery at both coarse and fine scales.
The impacts of fire also depend on usually unknown, local weather conditions during the fire such as wind speed, wind direction, and the number of dry days before the fire. Therefore, it is perhaps not surprising that the estimates in our study showed such high variance. The combination of spatial variability in the tussocks themselves and the impact of fire on vegetation means that the estimates of time since fire based on tussock grasses cannot be used confidently to determine recent fire history with precision.
These registers should not only record the times fires occur, but also attempt to describe their spatial extents. In particular, the managers of protected areas with fire suppression practices should begin to collect dependable records of fires so that the effectiveness of fire management policies and their impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services can be better monitored. Tussock grasses dominate these grasslands, and their responses to fire play a significant role in determining the responses of other plant and animal species.
Interactions between species such as facilitation and competition are driven by space availability, microclimate and light regimes, all of which are mostly dictated by tussock grasses.
In addition, the principal reason for farmers to set fires is linked to the productivity of these grasses. This topic is particularly relevant today because of better enforcement of local fire reduction policies, and potential changes linked to climate change.
Caldasia 42 1 : Leaf length variation in perennial forage grasses. Agriculture 5 3 : Bedoya Zuluaga JI. Remote Sensing 7 9 : The human dimension of fire regimes on Earth.
Journal of Biogeography. Biodiversity and Conservation 28 4 Bustos Insuasti AM. Earth-Science Reviews 79 1 Cabrera M, Duivenvoorden JF. Drivers of aboveground biomass of high mountain vegetation in the Andes.
Acta Oecologica Cambios en las propiedades del suelo, posteriores a un incendio en el Parque Nacional Natural de Los Nevados, Colombia. Cleef AM. In: J. Di Pasquale G. Marziano, S. Impagliazzo, C. Lubritto, A. The Holocene treeline in the northern Andes Ecuador : First evidence from soil charcoal. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 1 : Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Duru M, Ducrocq H. Growth and senescence of the successive grass leaves on a tiller.
Ontogenic development and effect of temperature. Annals of Botany 85 5 : Functional morphology and microclimate of Festuca orthophylla, the dominant tall tussock grass in the Andean Altiplano. Flora 4 : Caldasia 36 1 : Grubb PJ.
The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. Biological Reviews 52 Hofstede RGM. Plant and Soil Sin embargo, si es residente de un territorio de los EE. Para determinar si es elegible para un pago, consulte con la agencia de impuestos de su territorio de EE.
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